Ήθελα να βάλω κάποιον τίτλο παρμένο από το κείμενο της παρουσίασης. Μήπως Paper is the enemy of words; Ή Words and enthusiasm are the recipe for lexicography; Τελικά έβαλα τον ίδιο τίτλο που έχει το βίντεο της παρουσίασης στη σελίδα του TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design). Δεν υπάρχει σε γιουτιουμπάκι, δείτε το εκεί· εδώ απλώς μεταφέρω το κείμενο της παρουσίασης και υπάρχουν πολλά και διάφορα που θα μπορούσε να συζητήσει κανείς σε σχέση με τα λεξικά, το ρόλο και τη λειτουργία τους σήμερα.
http://www.ted.com/talks/erin_mckean_redefines_the_dictionary.html
http://www.ted.com/talks/erin_mckean_redefines_the_dictionary.html
Now, have any of y’all ever looked up this word? You know, in a dictionary? (Laughter) Yeah, that’s what I thought. How about this word? Here, I’ll show it to you: Lexicography: the practice of compiling dictionaries. Notice — we’re very specific. That word “compile.” The dictionary is not carved out of a piece of granite, out of a lump of rock. It’s made up of lots of little bits. It’s little discrete — that’s spelled D-I-S-C-R-E-T-E — bits. And those bits are words.
Now one of the perks of being a lexicographer — besides getting to come to TED — is that you get to say really fun words, like lexicographical. Lexicographical has this great pattern — it’s called a double dactyl. And just by saying double dactyl, I’ve sent the geek needle all the way into the red. But “lexicographical” is the same pattern as “higgledy-piggledy.” Right? It’s a fun word to say, and I get to say it a lot. Now, one of the non-perks of being a lexicographer is that people don’t usually have a kind of warm, fuzzy, snuggly image of the dictionary. Right? Nobody hugs their dictionaries. But what people really often think about the dictionary is, they think more like this. Just to let you know, I do not have a lexicographical whistle. But people think that my job is to let the good words make that difficult left hand turn into the dictionary, and keep the bad words out.
But the thing is, I don’t want to be a traffic cop. For one thing, I just do not do uniforms. And for another — deciding what words are good and what words are bad is actually not very easy. And it’s not very fun. And when parts of your job are not easy or fun, you kind of look for an excuse not to do them. So if I had to think of some kind of occupation as a metaphor for my work, I would much rather be a fisherman. I wanna throw my big net into the deep blue ocean of English and see what marvelous creatures I can drag up from the bottom. But why do people want me to direct traffic, when I would much rather go fishing? Well, I blame the Queen. Why do I blame the Queen? Well, first of all, I blame the Queen because it’s funny. But secondly, I blame the Queen because dictionaries have really not changed. Our idea of what a dictionary is has not changed since her reign. The only thing Queen Victoria would not be amused by in modern dictionaries is our inclusion of the F-word, which has happened in American dictionaries since 1965. So, there’s this guy, right? Victorian era. James Murray, first editor of the Oxford English Dictionary. I do not have that hat. I wish I had that hat. So he’s really responsible for a lot of what we consider modern in dictionaries today. When a guy who looks like that — in that hat — is the face of modernity, you have a problem. And so, James Murray could get a job on any dictionary today. There’d be virtually no learning curve.
And of course, a few of us are saying: Computers! Computers! What about computers? The thing about computers is — I love computers. I mean, I’m a huge geek, I love computers. I would go on a hunger strike before I let them take away Google Book Search from me. But computers don’t do much else other than speed up the process of compiling dictionaries. They don’t change the end result. Because what a dictionary is, is it’s Victorian design merged with a little bit of modern propulsion. It’s steampunk. What we have is an electric velocipede. You know, we have Victorian design with an engine on it. That’s all! The design has not changed.
And OK, what about online dictionaries, right? Online dictionaries must be different. This is the Oxford English Dictionary Online, one of the best online dictionaries. This is my favorite word, by the way: Erinaceous: Pertaining to the hedgehog family; of the nature of a hedgehog. Very useful word. So look at that. Online dictionaries right now are paper thrown up on a screen. This is flat. Look how many links there are in the actual entry: two! Right? Those little buttons — I had them all expanded except for the date chart. So there’s not very much going on here. There’s not a lot of clickiness. In fact, online dictionaries replicate almost all the problems of print, except for searchability. And when you improve searchability, you actually take away the one advantage of print, which is serendipity. Serendipity is when you find things you weren’t looking for because finding what you are looking for is so damned difficult.
So now, when you think about this, what we have here is a ham butt problem. Does everyone know the ham butt problem? Woman’s making a ham for a big family dinner. She goes to cut the butt off the ham and throw it away, and she looks at this piece of ham and she’s like, “This is a perfectly good piece of ham. Why am I throwing this away?” She thinks, “Well my mom always did this.” So she calls up Mom, and she says, “Mom, why’d you cut the butt off the ham when you’re making a ham?” She says, “I don’t know, my mom always did it!” So they call Grandma, and Grandma says, “My pan was too small!”
So it’s not that we have good words and bad words — we have a pan that’s too small! You know, that ham butt is delicious! There’s no reason to throw it away. The bad words — see, when people think about a place and they don’t find a place on the map, they think, “This map sucks!” When they find a nightspot or a bar and it’s not in the guidebook, they’re like, “Ooh, this place must be cool! It’s not in the guidebook.” When they find a word that’s not in the dictionary, they think, “This must be a bad word.” Why? It’s more likely to be a bad dictionary. Why are you blaming the ham for being too big for the pan? So you can’t get a smaller ham. The English language is as big as it is.
So if you have a ham butt problem, and you’re thinking about the ham butt problem, the conclusion it leads you to is inexorable and counter-intuitive: paper is the enemy of words. How can this be? I mean, I love books. I really love books. Some of my best friends are books. But the book is not the best shape for the dictionary. Now they’re gonna think “Oh, boy. People are gonna take away my beautiful, paper dictionaries?” No. There will still be paper dictionaries. When we had cars — when cars became the dominant mode of transportation, we didn’t round up all the horses and shoot them. You know, there’re still gonna be paper dictionaries, but it’s not going to be the dominant dictionary. The book-shaped dictionary is not going to be the only shape dictionaries come in. And it’s not going to be the prototype for the shapes dictionaries come in.
So think about it this way: if you’ve an artificial constraint, artificial constraints lead to arbitrary distinctions and a skewed worldview. What if biologists could only study animals that made people go, “Aww.” Right? What if we made aesthetic judgments about animals, and only the ones we thought were cute were the ones that we could study? We’d know a whole lot about charismatic megafauna, and not very much about much else. And I think this is a problem. I think we should study all the words, because when you think about words, you can make beautiful expressions from very humble parts. Lexicography is really more about material science. We are studying the tolerances of the materials that you use to build the structure of your expression: your speeches and your writing. And then often people say to me, “Well, OK — how do I know that this word is real?” They think, “OK, if we think words are the tools that we use to build the expressions of our thoughts, how can you say that screwdrivers are better than hammers? How can you say that a sledgehammer is better than a ball-peen hammer? They’re just the right tool for the job.”
And so people say to me, “How do I know if a word is real?” You know, anyone that’s read a children’s book knows that love makes things real. If you love a word, use it. That makes it real. Being in the dictionary is an artificial distinction. It doesn’t make a word any more real than any other way. If you love a word, it becomes real. So if we’re not worrying about directing traffic, if we’ve transcended paper, if we are worrying less about control and more about description, then we can think of the English language as being this beautiful mobile. And any time one of those little parts of the mobile changes, is touched — any time you touch a word, you use it in a new context, you give it a new connotation, you verb it — you make the mobile move. You didn’t break it; it’s just in a new position, and that new position can be just as beautiful.
Now one of the perks of being a lexicographer — besides getting to come to TED — is that you get to say really fun words, like lexicographical. Lexicographical has this great pattern — it’s called a double dactyl. And just by saying double dactyl, I’ve sent the geek needle all the way into the red. But “lexicographical” is the same pattern as “higgledy-piggledy.” Right? It’s a fun word to say, and I get to say it a lot. Now, one of the non-perks of being a lexicographer is that people don’t usually have a kind of warm, fuzzy, snuggly image of the dictionary. Right? Nobody hugs their dictionaries. But what people really often think about the dictionary is, they think more like this. Just to let you know, I do not have a lexicographical whistle. But people think that my job is to let the good words make that difficult left hand turn into the dictionary, and keep the bad words out.
But the thing is, I don’t want to be a traffic cop. For one thing, I just do not do uniforms. And for another — deciding what words are good and what words are bad is actually not very easy. And it’s not very fun. And when parts of your job are not easy or fun, you kind of look for an excuse not to do them. So if I had to think of some kind of occupation as a metaphor for my work, I would much rather be a fisherman. I wanna throw my big net into the deep blue ocean of English and see what marvelous creatures I can drag up from the bottom. But why do people want me to direct traffic, when I would much rather go fishing? Well, I blame the Queen. Why do I blame the Queen? Well, first of all, I blame the Queen because it’s funny. But secondly, I blame the Queen because dictionaries have really not changed. Our idea of what a dictionary is has not changed since her reign. The only thing Queen Victoria would not be amused by in modern dictionaries is our inclusion of the F-word, which has happened in American dictionaries since 1965. So, there’s this guy, right? Victorian era. James Murray, first editor of the Oxford English Dictionary. I do not have that hat. I wish I had that hat. So he’s really responsible for a lot of what we consider modern in dictionaries today. When a guy who looks like that — in that hat — is the face of modernity, you have a problem. And so, James Murray could get a job on any dictionary today. There’d be virtually no learning curve.
And of course, a few of us are saying: Computers! Computers! What about computers? The thing about computers is — I love computers. I mean, I’m a huge geek, I love computers. I would go on a hunger strike before I let them take away Google Book Search from me. But computers don’t do much else other than speed up the process of compiling dictionaries. They don’t change the end result. Because what a dictionary is, is it’s Victorian design merged with a little bit of modern propulsion. It’s steampunk. What we have is an electric velocipede. You know, we have Victorian design with an engine on it. That’s all! The design has not changed.
And OK, what about online dictionaries, right? Online dictionaries must be different. This is the Oxford English Dictionary Online, one of the best online dictionaries. This is my favorite word, by the way: Erinaceous: Pertaining to the hedgehog family; of the nature of a hedgehog. Very useful word. So look at that. Online dictionaries right now are paper thrown up on a screen. This is flat. Look how many links there are in the actual entry: two! Right? Those little buttons — I had them all expanded except for the date chart. So there’s not very much going on here. There’s not a lot of clickiness. In fact, online dictionaries replicate almost all the problems of print, except for searchability. And when you improve searchability, you actually take away the one advantage of print, which is serendipity. Serendipity is when you find things you weren’t looking for because finding what you are looking for is so damned difficult.
So now, when you think about this, what we have here is a ham butt problem. Does everyone know the ham butt problem? Woman’s making a ham for a big family dinner. She goes to cut the butt off the ham and throw it away, and she looks at this piece of ham and she’s like, “This is a perfectly good piece of ham. Why am I throwing this away?” She thinks, “Well my mom always did this.” So she calls up Mom, and she says, “Mom, why’d you cut the butt off the ham when you’re making a ham?” She says, “I don’t know, my mom always did it!” So they call Grandma, and Grandma says, “My pan was too small!”
So it’s not that we have good words and bad words — we have a pan that’s too small! You know, that ham butt is delicious! There’s no reason to throw it away. The bad words — see, when people think about a place and they don’t find a place on the map, they think, “This map sucks!” When they find a nightspot or a bar and it’s not in the guidebook, they’re like, “Ooh, this place must be cool! It’s not in the guidebook.” When they find a word that’s not in the dictionary, they think, “This must be a bad word.” Why? It’s more likely to be a bad dictionary. Why are you blaming the ham for being too big for the pan? So you can’t get a smaller ham. The English language is as big as it is.
So if you have a ham butt problem, and you’re thinking about the ham butt problem, the conclusion it leads you to is inexorable and counter-intuitive: paper is the enemy of words. How can this be? I mean, I love books. I really love books. Some of my best friends are books. But the book is not the best shape for the dictionary. Now they’re gonna think “Oh, boy. People are gonna take away my beautiful, paper dictionaries?” No. There will still be paper dictionaries. When we had cars — when cars became the dominant mode of transportation, we didn’t round up all the horses and shoot them. You know, there’re still gonna be paper dictionaries, but it’s not going to be the dominant dictionary. The book-shaped dictionary is not going to be the only shape dictionaries come in. And it’s not going to be the prototype for the shapes dictionaries come in.
So think about it this way: if you’ve an artificial constraint, artificial constraints lead to arbitrary distinctions and a skewed worldview. What if biologists could only study animals that made people go, “Aww.” Right? What if we made aesthetic judgments about animals, and only the ones we thought were cute were the ones that we could study? We’d know a whole lot about charismatic megafauna, and not very much about much else. And I think this is a problem. I think we should study all the words, because when you think about words, you can make beautiful expressions from very humble parts. Lexicography is really more about material science. We are studying the tolerances of the materials that you use to build the structure of your expression: your speeches and your writing. And then often people say to me, “Well, OK — how do I know that this word is real?” They think, “OK, if we think words are the tools that we use to build the expressions of our thoughts, how can you say that screwdrivers are better than hammers? How can you say that a sledgehammer is better than a ball-peen hammer? They’re just the right tool for the job.”
And so people say to me, “How do I know if a word is real?” You know, anyone that’s read a children’s book knows that love makes things real. If you love a word, use it. That makes it real. Being in the dictionary is an artificial distinction. It doesn’t make a word any more real than any other way. If you love a word, it becomes real. So if we’re not worrying about directing traffic, if we’ve transcended paper, if we are worrying less about control and more about description, then we can think of the English language as being this beautiful mobile. And any time one of those little parts of the mobile changes, is touched — any time you touch a word, you use it in a new context, you give it a new connotation, you verb it — you make the mobile move. You didn’t break it; it’s just in a new position, and that new position can be just as beautiful.